Vaginal Cysts: A Complete Guide to Types, Causes & Care

A vaginal cyst is a small, closed sac that can develop on or under the vaginal lining. These cysts are usually filled with fluid, air, pus, or other materials. Most of the time, vaginal cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and don’t cause any symptoms. In fact, many women don’t even realize they have one unless it's noticed during a routine pelvic exam.

While vaginal cysts are generally harmless, they can sometimes become painful or infected. In such cases, medical attention might be needed.

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There are several reasons why vaginal cysts may form. Understanding the underlying causes can help with prevention and early treatment.

Vaginal cysts can vary in type depending on their cause and location. Here are the main types:

1. Bartholin’s Cyst

These are the most common and occur when the Bartholin's glands at the vaginal entrance get blocked. Secretions get trapped, leading to cyst formation. If infection develops, the cyst becomes painful and forms an abscess.

2. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst

These result from injury — often during childbirth or surgery. When surface vaginal tissue gets trapped under the skin, it leads to a small, painless lump.

3. Müllerian Cyst

These cysts originate from injured vaginal wall tissue, commonly during childbirth. They may also be a result of residual Müllerian duct tissue from fetal development.

4. Gartner’s Duct Cyst

Also known as mesonephric cysts, these form from leftover tissue after a miscarriage or incomplete regression of fetal ducts.

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Some swellings in or near the vaginal wall might appear similar to cysts but are actually different conditions:

• Benign Tumors: Rarely found in the vagina but can present as lump-like clusters, sometimes mistaken for cysts.

• Cystoceles and Rectoceles: These bulges on the vaginal wall result from pressure during childbirth. Cystoceles involve the bladder, while rectoceles involve the rectum pushing into the vaginal space.

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Vaginal cysts can occur in women of any age, but certain factors may increase the risk:

• Women of reproductive age
• History of vaginal or pelvic surgery
• Recent childbirth or miscarriage
• Vaginal infections
• Endometriosis
• Poor genital hygiene
• Frequent friction or trauma to the area

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In many cases, vaginal cysts do not cause any symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they might include:

• Vaginal discomfort or a feeling of pressure
• A visible or palpable swelling or lump in the vaginal area
• Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Pain or burning sensation while urinating
• Vaginal bleeding (though rare)
• Redness or tenderness, especially if infected
• Foul-smelling discharge from the cyst (in case of abscess)

Often, the only noticeable sign is a painless lump near the vaginal wall. However, any changes in size, pain, or discomfort should be evaluated.

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Diagnosis is typically carried out by an obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN) and involves several steps:

1. Pelvic Examination

This is the first step, where the doctor visually inspects and feels the vaginal area for any unusual growths or lumps.

2. Ultrasound

A pelvic ultrasound may be done to determine whether the cyst is fluid-filled or solid. It helps assess its depth and confirm its nature.

3. Biopsy

If the cyst looks unusual, firm, or irregular, a biopsy may be performed. A sample of the cyst tissue or its contents (especially if it oozes fluid) is examined in a lab to rule out any serious condition such as cancer.

4. Additional Imaging

In cases where the cyst is large, complex, or located deeper in the vaginal canal, an MRI may be used to provide more detailed images and help with treatment planning.

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Treatment varies based on the size, type, symptoms, and whether the cyst is infected or recurrent.

1. Observation

For small, painless cysts, doctors may recommend no immediate treatment. Regular monitoring and good hygiene may be sufficient.

2. Warm Sitz Baths

If the cyst is mildly infected or causing discomfort, soaking the lower half of the body in warm water 3–4 times a day for a few days can help it rupture and drain naturally. This is especially effective in the early stages of Bartholin’s cysts.

3. Antibiotics and Pain Relief

If there's an infection, the doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics. Painkillers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen may also be given to manage inflammation and discomfort.

4. Drainage

If the cyst becomes large, painful, or turns into an abscess, a minor surgical procedure may be required to drain it. This is usually done under local anesthesia.

5. Bartholin’s Gland Treatment

In cases where Bartholin’s cysts keep recurring, the doctor may surgically open the blocked duct or perform a procedure called marsupialization. This creates a new opening for the gland to drain properly and prevents future buildup.

6. Surgical Removal

For large, persistent, or recurrent cysts, complete surgical removal may be necessary. This is often done under local anesthesia, and the patient can typically go home the same day.

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Though vaginal cysts are usually benign and asymptomatic, complications can arise, especially if they become infected or ignored for long periods:

• Infection: The cyst may fill with pus and turn into a painful abscess.
• Recurrent Cysts: Some types, like Bartholin’s cysts, have a tendency to recur even after treatment.
• Pain and Discomfort: Larger cysts can cause pain during intercourse, urination, or while walking.
• Psychological Impact: Uncertainty or embarrassment about the cyst can lead to anxiety or emotional stress.
• Rare Malignancy: In very rare cases, cysts can develop cancerous changes. Biopsy helps rule this out.

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Although not all vaginal cysts can be prevented, certain practices may reduce your risk:

• Maintain good personal hygiene
• Avoid using harsh soaps or douches inside the vagina
• Practice safe sex to avoid infections
• Wear breathable, loose-fitting underwear
• Treat vaginal infections early and properly
• Avoid excessive friction during sexual activity

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Seek medical attention if:

• The cyst grows in size or becomes painful
• You notice pus, redness, or warmth around the area
• You experience pain during urination or intercourse
• There is a persistent or recurring cyst
• You develop a fever or general illness alongside the swelling

Timely evaluation and treatment help prevent complications and ease discomfort.

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Having a vaginal cyst may feel concerning, but many women live with small cysts without even knowing it. If you’ve been diagnosed with one, it’s important not to panic. Most cysts are harmless and don’t require aggressive treatment.

If your cyst doesn’t bother you, regular monitoring and good hygiene may be all that’s needed. For those who have recurring or infected cysts, treatment options are available and usually effective.

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Got Questions? We've got solutions!

Vaginal cysts are more common than many women realize. Although the term "cyst" can sound scary, most of these are harmless and treatable. Knowing what to look for, when to see a doctor, and what your options are can help you manage this condition with confidence.

Don’t hesitate to discuss any concerns or symptoms with your healthcare provider. Open conversations about your body — including topics that feel a bit awkward — are essential for maintaining good health.